Decoding Alcohol Use versus Alcoholism

October 21, 2024

By Arch Recovery Center

Unravel the difference between alcohol use vs. alcoholism, its risks, and its impact on diverse populations.

Understanding Alcohol Use

Alcohol use ranges from occasional social drinking to harmful consumption, potentially leading to alcohol use disorder or alcoholism. To understand the difference between alcohol use and alcoholism, it's crucial first to explore the impacts and risks associated with alcohol consumption.

Impact of Harmful Drinking

Harmful drinking refers to consumption that leads to physical or psychological damage. Many individuals consume alcohol, but some consume it in harmful amounts, leading to severe health consequences and social harm.

Excessive alcohol consumption can cause numerous physical and mental health issues, including dependence, addiction, increased suicide risk, and unhealthy weight gain. It can also elevate the risk of various forms of cancer. The impact isn't limited to health; it's also a significant factor in road accidents, violence, and crime.

In 2020, the SAMHSA National Helpline saw a 27% increase in calls compared to 2019, indicating a rise in alcohol-related concerns.

Risks of Alcohol Consumption

No level of alcohol consumption is considered safe, with certain situations necessitating particular caution, such as pregnancy and breastfeeding.

The risks associated with alcohol use are numerous and far-reaching. They can impact various bodily systems and functions, leading to severe health complications over time:

Cancer: Alcohol consumption is strongly linked to an increased risk of developing alcohol-associated cancer, with even low levels of alcohol intake potentially increasing risk [3].
Immune System: Excessive alcohol consumption weakens the immune system, increasing susceptibility to diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis. It also impairs the body's ability to fight off infections up to 24 hours after intoxication.
Liver: Alcohol abuse can lead to serious liver problems, causing a range of liver inflammations and damage, impacting the liver's ability to function properly over time.
Pancreas: Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to pancreatitis, a condition involving dangerous inflammation and swelling in the pancreas, impairing its ability to produce enzymes and hormones necessary for proper digestion [3].
Brain: Alcohol consumption can interfere with the brain's communication pathways, altering brain structure and function, resulting in mood changes, behavioral changes, impaired cognitive abilities, and reduced coordination [3].

Understanding these risks is essential in discussing alcohol use vs. alcoholism, as it highlights the potential dangers associated with excessive alcohol consumption.

Alcohol Abuse

Alcohol abuse is a serious issue that can lead to numerous health complications and potentially life-threatening consequences. It's an essential step in understanding the difference between alcohol use and alcoholism.

Recognizing Alcohol Abuse

Recognizing alcohol abuse is the first step towards intervention and treatment. Symptoms of alcohol abuse can range from mild to severe, and may include behaviors such as drinking in private, isolating oneself from others, and experiencing negative consequences that impact a person's life. Some signs might be more subtle than others, making it crucial for individuals and their loved ones to be vigilant and proactive in seeking help.

Screening tools like the CAGE questionnaire and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) can aid in identifying alcohol abuse. Answering "yes" to two or more CAGE questions may indicate a problem with drinking.

Symptoms and Consequences

The symptoms and consequences of alcohol abuse can vary from person to person and often depend on the severity of the abuse. Alcohol abuse can lead to alcohol use disorder (AUD), which negatively impacts a person's life and causes harm. The potential health complications can include physical ailments, mental health disorders, and problems with personal relationships and career progression.

Denial is a common barrier to receiving treatment for alcoholism, as individuals may rationalize their drinking behaviors and refuse to acknowledge the negative consequences of alcohol. This resistance to acknowledging the problem often leads to delays in treatment, which can exacerbate the issue and make recovery more challenging [4].

Symptoms of Alcohol Abuse	Consequences of Alcohol Abuse
Drinking in private	Physical health issues
Isolating oneself from others	Mental health disorders
Experiencing life-altering consequences	Problems with personal relationships
Denying the problem	Career progression obstacles

Recognizing the warning signs of alcohol abuse and seeking proper treatment can make a significant difference in someone's recovery process. It's important to seek help early to prevent the issue from escalating and to promote healthier habits and behaviors.

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)

The complexities of alcohol use vs. alcoholism are best understood by unpacking Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), a more encompassing term that highlights the spectrum of alcohol-related problems.

Definition and Characteristics

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. According to the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 28.8 million adults ages 18 and older (11.2% in this age group) had AUD in 2021. Among youth, an estimated 753,000 adolescents ages 12 to 17 (2.9% of this age group) also had AUD during this time frame [5].

The severity of AUD is based on the number of criteria a person meets based on their symptoms—mild (meeting 2–3 criteria), moderate (meeting 4–5 criteria), or severe (meeting 6 or more criteria), as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) [5].

Severity	Criteria Met
Mild	2–3
Moderate	4–5
Severe	6 or more

Complications and Health Risks

AUD can lead to numerous health issues, both physical and psychological. Complications can range from liver disease and cardiovascular problems to depression and anxiety disorders. Moreover, AUD can negatively impact social relationships, occupational functioning, and overall quality of life.

Treatment options for AUD are varied and can be tailored to meet the needs of the individual. Medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to help people stop or reduce their drinking and prevent a return to drinking include naltrexone (oral and long-acting injectable), acamprosate, and disulfiram. These medications are nonaddictive and may be used alone or in combination with behavioral treatments or mutual-support groups.

Behavioral therapies can also be effective, helping people develop skills to avoid and overcome triggers that might lead to drinking, such as stress. Additionally, medications can deter drinking during risky periods, like after a significant life event (e.g., divorce, death of a family member).

While many people with AUD do recover, setbacks are common among those in treatment. Seeking professional help early can prevent relapse, and behavioral therapies along with medications can provide valuable support for individuals struggling with AUD. Understanding the nuances between alcohol use and alcoholism is vital in promoting healthier drinking habits and mitigating the risks associated with alcohol consumption.

Alcoholism Typologies

In the exploration of alcohol use versus alcoholism, understanding the different typologies of alcoholism can provide greater insight into the diverse patterns and impacts of this condition.

Historical Overview

The development of alcoholism typologies can be traced back to the prescientific period extending from 1850 to 1940. This era saw the classification of "oinomania" (wine mania) by William Carpenter and the emergence of psychoanalytic and character-based theories. During this period, 39 classifications of alcoholics were developed by physicians specializing in mental illnesses and addictive disorders.

E.M. Jellinek's Contribution

Transitioning into the scientific era, E.M. Jellinek's work on alcoholism typology in 1941 is considered the first scientific alcoholism typology. His typology included four major categories—primary alcoholics, steady endogenous symptomatic drinkers, intermittent endogenous symptomatic drinkers, and stammtisch drinkers—and several minor categories. Despite not being widely researched or discussed, Jellinek's work became the most widely accepted system for differentiating types of alcoholics.

Modern Typology Research

In the post-Jellinek era, typology research has incorporated greater complexity and multidimensionality. Researchers have used a variety of defining criteria, such as gender, family history of alcoholism, and coexisting psychopathologies, to differentiate alcoholics into subtypes. These subtypes have been identified through empirical research and have led to a better conceptual understanding of the diversity among alcoholics.

The understanding of alcoholism typologies plays a crucial role in differentiating between alcohol use and alcoholism. By recognizing the diverse patterns and impacts of alcoholism, professionals can tailor treatment and prevention strategies to address the unique needs of different subtypes of alcoholics.

Alcohol Use in Different Populations

The patterns and effects of alcohol use can vary significantly across different populations. Factors such as age, gender, and genetic predisposition play a crucial role in shaping these differences.

Adolescents and Young Adults

When it comes to adolescents, about 7% of youths aged 12-17 consumed alcohol in the past month, according to a 2022 national survey. Moreover, approximately half of these, or 3.2% in total, had a binge drinking episode in the past month. Drinking alcohol poses considerable risks to adolescents and should not be considered a normal, expected part of teenage life.

In young adults aged 18-25, the same survey found that about 50% drank alcohol in the past month, and of them, about 60% also had a binge drinking episode in the past month. Approximately 1 in 6 young adults aged 18-25 had a past-year Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD).

Gender Differences in Alcohol Effects

Gender can significantly influence the impact of alcohol. Women tend to suffer a variety of harms at lower levels of alcohol exposure than men. Women with AUD perform more poorly than men with AUD on a variety of cognitive tasks, even with fewer years of AUD. A single serving of alcohol per day is associated with a 10% increase in the risk of breast cancer for women. Women (as well as men) who drink heavily are also at increased risk of being victims of physical aggression by others who have been drinking.

Genetic and Inherited Risk Factors

Between 50% and 60% of the vulnerability to AUD is inherited and likely due to variants in many genes, each of small effect size. These genes affect various biological processes and mental states, including physiological responses to alcohol and stress, addiction-related neurobiology, and behavioral tendencies such as impulsivity.

Understanding the diverse factors influencing alcohol use and its effects across different populations is crucial in creating effective prevention, treatment, and support strategies. It's important to note that alcohol use, harmful drinking, and alcoholism are complex issues influenced by a multitude of factors beyond age, gender, and genetics. Social, economic, and environmental factors also play a significant role in the context of alcohol use vs. alcoholism.